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ISAAC A. SHEPPARD & CO.
PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE ^
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From the collection of:
Alan O’Bright
Hints About Heating
CONTAINING
VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS
RESPECTING
Hot Air Furnace Work
Together witji
Tables of Dimensioi^s, Capacities, Etc.
PREPARED WITH SPECIAL REEp:rENCE TO THE
Paragon Steel Plate Furnaces
PUBLISHED BY
ISAAC A. SHEPPARD & CO.,
Philadelphia and Baltimore.
Knterecl according to Act of Congress, in the year i8g2
By ISAAC A. SHEPPARD & CO.,
In the Office of the I,ibrariaii of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
Hints About Heating.
This pamphlet is not intended as a manual of information upon
the subject of heating by hot air, but simply to point out to
purchasers some of the requisites of satisfactory work, and to
assist any dealer, who may be without experience in furnace
work, to give satisfaction to his customers.
Our climate requires more or less artificial heat during the
greater part of the year. If the family is to keep in good
health, proper warmth and ventilation in the dwelling are
essential ; and money spent in securing comfort in these respects
will often prevent sickness and save doctors’ bills.
Open Fireplaces Insufficient.
Open fireplaces are no longer regarded, in this country, as any-
thing more than a pleasant means of supplementing heat derived
from other sources. When in actual use, they afford excellent
ventilation. For this reason, it is well to provide them in every
dwelling. For heating purposes, however, the main reliance
must be placed upon either steam or hot water apparatus, or
upon Hot Air Furnaces. '
3 .
Disadvantages of Steam and Hot Water Heating.
. Steam heating, whether direct dr indirect, although well
adapted to the requirements of large public institutions, is
unsuited to ordinary buildings. It is costly; it requires skill
and good judgment in its management; it calls for constant
attention, and it is expensive to keep in repair. Hot water
apparatus, while more safe and more easily managed than steam,
is even more costly, and is equally troublesome to keep in repair.
Direct Radiation Unhealthful.
Ale steam or hot water heating, by direct radiation, relies
upon heating, over and over again, the air that is already in
the room. It must certainly be conceded, that such methods of
heating are less healthful than one which furnishes a constant
supply of fresh, pure air, taken from the outside abnosphere
and thoroughly warmed before entering the room. This is
exactly what is accomplished by a well constructed Hot Air
Furnace.
Heating by Warm Air Preferable.
Upon the grounds of superior health fulness, safety, economy in
first cost, ease of management and inexpensiveness of repairs,
a good Hot Air Furnace is to be preferred to all other forms of
heating apparatus, whenever its use is feasible. No objections
have ever been urged against Hot Air Furnaces that cannot
easily be shown to originate either in defective construction or
in improper management. For the latter, no furnace can justly
be blamed. As to the former, it can only be said that furnaces
that are defective in construction can always be obtained
4
i fifs ^6 oui
by those who are unwilling to pay for a good one. On the
other hand, it is also true that a good furnace, .satisfactorily put
up, is within the reach of every person who is willing to pay
a fair price. It is to the interest of both the furnace manu-
facturer and the furnace setter to do their best to satisfy a
purchaser who is willing to compensate them reasonably for
their outlay.
The Best is the Cheapest.
This is a time worn proverb; but it is emphatically true
when applied to Hot Air Furnaces. It is an unreasoning
and false econoni}^ that leads house owners to use a “cheap”
type of furnace, put up in a “cheap” way. Good work, in
any branch of manufacture, cannot be obtained without paying
for it what it is worth. Surely, the health and comfort of
one’s family are matters of great importance; and those
persons who are planning to heat their own homes will not
find it to their interest, in the long run, to use poor furnaces
improperly .set. If they will not pay the furnace man, they
may have to pay the doctor.
Even in the case of the houses so often built in our great
cities, in long rows, upon speculation, with the intention of
selling as quickly as possible, it is to the interest of builders
to get good work in this line. Good furnace work will
enhance the value of the property, and will help it to an
earlier sale, at a better price, than if this important essential
were slighted .
It is assumed that those who read these pages want good
work, and are willing to pay a reasonable price for it.
5
i afe A&oflt If ®Af ini*
Furnace Problems of Two Kinds.
Thk problems that arise in furnace work are of two kinds,
namely: — those that relate to the productioji of heat, and those
that relate to its proper distributioji , The furnace used is
responsible only for the sohctio7i of the for^ner^ and even then
only when properly managed. The solution of all the prob-
lems that relate to the proper distribution of the heat supplied
by the furnace I'ests with the person who sets the fmiace.
He decides upon its location, adjusts the hot air pipes and
flues, determines upon their sizes, locates the registers and
provides for cold air supply. He needs to have not a little
good judgment, experience and mechanical skill; for the
successful heating of a building depends quite as much upon
proper attention to each of these matters as upon the heating
capacity of the furnace. Nothing is more common than to
find a furnace complained of, when the trouble is entirely due
to defects in the mode of distributing the heat produced by
it, the arrangements made for this purpose being so insuffi-
cient as to make it an impossibility for the hot air generated
by the furnace to pass from the furnace to the rooms in
which the heat is desired.
Distribution of Heat First Considered.
Thk principles that govern the proper distribution of heated
air are few ; but their application differs more or less in each
specific case. Much experience and ingenuity are at times
necessary in order to attain the best results. We shall defer, for
the present, the discussion of such matters as relate to the pro-
6
L
Stoves. Ranger ^
duction of heat, and shall first consider the mode of effecting a
proper distribution of the warm air generated by a furnace.
riovement of Heated Air.
Three fundamental facts must be remembered :
I. Heated air is set in motion by the press7ire of cold air
beneath it,
11. Heated air always moves most readily in the directio7i
in which it meets the least resistance.
III. The velocity of heated air in a flue increases in pro-
portion to the height of the flue and its excess
of temperature over that of the outside air.
Upon the observance of these fact'', rll satisfactory hot air
heating depends. From the first, we learn the need of 2 , proper
cold air supply. When the other two are borne in mind, it is
apparent that warm air will move more easily in a vertical than
in a horizontal direction, through short horizontal pipes more
easily than through long ones, through large pipes more easily
than through small ones, through rotmd or square pipes
more easily than through flat ones, and more easily through
curved than through right a?igled elbows. Also, it appears that
warm air will move with the prevailing wind rather than against
it, into a well ventilated room rather than into a close one, and
into an tipper room in preference to a lower one.
The bearing of these well established facts upon the work
of intelligent and satisfactory furnace setting, will be seen as
the discussion of the subject proceeds.
7
i rife Aboflt jf 04-f ial-
Location of Furnace.
The: furnace should always be placed where it will be as easy
as possible for the warm air to pass quickly and uniformly to
the rooms that are to be heated by it. Generally speaking, a
central position is the most favorable for this purpose ; as it
causes the lines of pipes to the different hot air flues and regis-
ters to be as nearly as possible of equal length. This makes
the elevation of the several pipes as nearly equal as possible.
Other things being equal, uniformity in distribution is thereby
secured. The greater the elevation of a pipe the more easily will
the hot air pass through it, and the shorter the pipe the greater
its elevatio7i; so that if a furnace be so placed that some of the
pipes are very short and others very long, the short pipes will
tend to carry away most of the heat and the long ones will get
very little. In cases in which this arrangement cannot be
avoided, the short pipes should be made srnaller hi size than
the long ones, in order to counteract this tendency.
Heated air always moves slowly and with difficulty through
pipes that are horizontal, or nearly so ; and hot air pipes should
never have an elevation less than inches per running foot.
If the cellar is too low to give such elevation to the pipes, the
furnace must be placed in a pit of sufficient depth, lined with
brick laid in cement. If the cellar should be damp, the pit
should be drained into a drainage well of a greater depth.
That a furnace should be centrally located is not an inva-
riable rule ; but it is to be advised in the case of such buildings
as are well sheltered from the winter winds. When the ex-
posure of a building is great, as in the case of some corner
8
houses in cities, or of isolated country residences, the furnace
should be so placed as to give short runs of pipe to the rooms
on the cold side or sides of the building; in other words, to the
north-west of the centre, so as to secure short runs of pipe to
the rooms on the north and north-west. Due provision for the^
north-east rooms must also be made. In this section of the
country the prevailing winds of winter come from the north-
west ; and the cold, penetrating rain storms from the east and
north-east. These winds tend to force the heated air in the
building towards the south-east or south-west rooms, necessi-
tating an ample supply to the rooms from which the warm air
is liable thus to be driven.
Two or JTore Furnaces Often Desirable.
In long and narrow buildings, such as the better class of resi-
dences in large cities, two furnaces should be used, one to heat
the front, and the other the back building. So in general,
wherever the use of a single furnace would necessitate a long
run of pipe to any part of the building, two or more furnaces
are to be advised. A better distribution of heat can always be
effected when two furnaces are used, than when only one is
employed. An additional advantage in the employment of
a second furnace lies in the reserve power thereby afforded
in extremely cold weather.
Location of Hot Air Flues and Registers in Dwellings.
Hot air flues should never be placed in an outer wall if it
is possible to avoid it. Loss of heat and waste of fuel are
9
Jtifife A&oat ajl-
sure to result. When it is impossible to avoid it, a double
tin flue should be used in the wall, with a sufiflcient air space
between the inner and outer flues to economize the heat.
Whenever practicable, the flues leading to upper stories
should be entirely independent of the first floor supply. The
first floor is the floor that it is difiicult to heat properly.
Having accomplished that to entire satisfaction, little doubt
need be felt as to the successful heating of the upper floors.
In locating the registers on the first floor, it is desirable
to place them at the most exposed side of the room to be
heated, unless to do so should involve a long run of pipe in
the cellar. In that case, better results will be obtained by
locating the registers so as to get a short run of pipe with
a good elevation. Floor registers are the most effective for
use on the first floor, as the hot air rises through them with
less interference from wind currents, and a more steady flow
is obtained than from wall registers. The objections to floor
registers are, the necessity of cutting carpets, .and the accu-
mulation of dust, sweepings, etc., which can only be avoided
by the exercise of great care.
When wall registers are for these reasons preferred, care
should be taken to see that they have register boxes of ample
^size, and that the flow of hot air to and through the register
box is not checked or impeded by a narrow inlet. Nothing is
more common, in city houses, than to find a large wall register
set in hall or parlor, with a register box or casing that has
an air supply of not more than 3x8 inches. Such work
cannot be satisfactory. If there is a fireplace in the room, or
a ventilating register higher than the hot air register, it is
10
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well to locate the hot air register on the opposite side, as
a better diffusion .of heat will thereby be gained before the
warm air is withdrawn from the room. Care should be taken,
in all cases, not to locate registers where they may interfere
with the suitable placing of the furniture of the room.
When these various considerations are comprehended, it
is seen how important it is to settle all these matters properly
before the house is built. It is far more easy and inexpensive
to change a building plan^ than to change a building. Archi-
tects should make satisfactory heating a primary consideration,
and subordinate other details to this.
Hot Air Feed Pipes.
Thksk should be of bright charcoal tin, preferably circular
in form, either double seamed, or made up with good slip joints
lapping not less than inches, and well soldered. Sharp
turns are to be avoided, and three-piece or four-piece elbows
used, where elbows are necessary, in order to diminish friction.
Dampers should be placed in each pipe, near the furnace, and
marked, by tags or otherwise, to prevent mistakes. For
pipes from lo to 14 inches in diameter, it is desirable to use
IX tin. For larger pipes, No. 26 galvanized iron may be
used. They should never approach nearer to the joists or
ceiling of cellar than 6 inches, and a metal shield should be
placed over them when they are nearer than 12 inches.
Vertical Hot Air Pipes.
These should be circular in form wherever possible. .While
flat or oval pipes are commonly used in walls and partitions, •
II
such forms increase friction and greatly retard the flow of
warm air; and the area of such pipes should therefore be
correspondingly increased. Brick flues, unless lined with tin
or terra cotta pipe, should not be used for the passage of
hot air. The rough interior of a brick flue impedes the move-
ment of the air; and the absorption of heat by the brick
walls is very great.
Care should be taken to form the “footing piece’’ or
“starter’’ of every vertical pipe in such a way as will insure
the quick and easy flow of hot air from the feed pipe into the
vertical pipe ; and also to see that the feed pipe is not pushed
into the “footing piece’’ so far as to cut off any of the supply.
Nothing is more common, in the “cheap’’ class of furnace
work, than the blunders just indicated.
In some cities, the law requires that where a hot air pipe
is carried up through the centre of a partition, the pipe shall be
double, with inch or more space between the two pipes.
Where this is not required, it is possible by exercising care to
make quite as safe a job by using single pipe. Architects
and builders should be careful so to locate partitions and
studding, that the partition pipe can be carried straight upwar.d
throughout its entire length. Offsets tend to accumulate heat
at the points at which they are used, and increase risk of fire
while impeding the flow of heat.
Partition pipe should be kept 3 inches clear of studding
on each side, and the studding protected by a tin lining, for
which purpose the commonest grade of tin may be used. Iron
laths, or coarse screen wire should be used across the pipe
between the studding, in place of wooden lath. To sheathe
12
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the pipe with asbestos felt affords additional protection; and
this should be done whenever the pipe approaches sufficiently
near the woodwork of flooring or partition to occasion the
slightest doubt as to perfect safety.
In old houses, which it is for the first time desired to heat
by means of hot air furnaces, and in which the cutting out
of partitions is objected to, hot air pipes are often carried to
upper rooms through closets on the lower floors. When this
is done, the pipes should be well sheathed with asbestos felt,
and all exposed woodwork lined with tin.
Another expedient that is sometimes resorted to for heating
upper rooms for which no encased hot air flue has been pro-
vided, is to carry up a circular pipe tn a corner of a lower room.
This pipe is then concealed from view by studding across
this corner at an angle of 45 degrees, nailing iron lath or coarse
screen wire across the pipe, between the studding, to receive
the plastering, as in the case of a partition pipe. This makes
a neat finish, and may be used where the cutting off of the
corner is not objected to. The pipe is of course boxed out
in the lower room at the proper height from the floor, to
receive the register; and, in the upper room, the same finish
may be used, or, if preferred, a floor register may be employed,
the latter method being the least expensive. By placing a
partition in the pipe, and boxing out for an additional register
in the adjacent room, it is possible to heat two rooms on
each floor by means of the one pipe. The pipe should be
reduced in size above the register in lower room, and provided
with a hot air damper. Such a pipe should also be sheathed
with asbestos felt.
^3
;H i A&ont if
Whenever a hot air pipe passes through a floor or a parti-
tion, the woodwork should be cut away for a space of at
least 3 inches around the pipe, and protected by a double
collar of metal with holes for ventilation, or by the use of
a soapstone ring, the latter mode being, in some cities, required
by law.
Size of Hot Air Pipes and Registers.
It is not practicable, within the compass of this pamphlet,
to lay down rules that shall cover all possible cases. The
most elaborate theories often need modification by practical
judgment, based upon experience, before they can be satis-
factorily applied.
The requirements of the average dwelling, under ordinary
conditions, are what are herein referred to.
In determining the size of pipes required, the cubic
capacity of the rooms is by no means the only matter to be
considered. The exposio'e is of much greater importance.
Every square foot of glass, every square foot of exposed wall
surface, and every added possibility of the removal of heat
by sharp and penetrating winds, increase the demand for hot
air supply; and this, of course, means that the size of the
pipe used must be proportionately increased. In connection
with our Tables of Furnace Capacities, fuller data will be
given for the determination of these matters.
Generally speaking, the size of pipes used should be deter-
mined with reference to the following considerations: — i. Size
of rooms. 2. Exposure. 3. Direction from furnace. 4. Dis-
tance from furnace. 5. Height above furnace; i. ^., whether
on first, second or third floor.
14
The larger the room, and the greater the exposure, the
larger the pipe required. If the direction of the room from
the furnace is such that the hot air must-be carried to the
room against the prevailing winter winds, the pipe must be
larger than the pipes used to rooms of like size on the warm
side of the house. So also, a room that is at a distance from
the furnace must have a larger supply pipe than a room that
is near by, in order to make up for the diminished elevation
of the pipe.
A room on an upper floor will not require so large a
pipe as one of the same size on the first* floor ; as the greater
draft of the vertical pipe increases the velocity, and therefore
the quantity, of the hot air passing through it.
As has before been stated, rooms on the first floor are
best heated by independent pipes. Rooms on second and third
floors can usually be heated satisfactorily by single lines of
pipe, reduced in size above second floor register, and furnished
with a hot air damper to regulate the flow to the upper room.
Under ordinary conditions, the sizes of pipes and registers
indicated below may be recommended:
FIRST FLOOR.
Size of Room in
Size of Pipe
Size of Register
Cubic Feet
If Round j
If Flat
If Round
If Square
Less than 1,500
1,500 to 2,000
2.000 to 3,000 ....
3.000 to 4,000 ....
7 inches
8 “
9 “
10 “
4x9 in.
4x12 “
4x16 “
4x18 “
9 inches
10 “
12 “
12 “
7 X TO in.
8 X 10 “
8 X 12 “
9 X 14 “
15
I Hfe A&oct If ©atfal-
. vSECOND AND THIRD FDOORvS.
USING ONK PIPE, DIMINISHED ABOVE SECOND EEOOR REGISTER.
Size of Room in
Cubic Feet
Dess than 1,500 . . . .
1,500 to 2,000 . . . .
2,000 to 3,000
Less than 1,500 . . . .
1,500 to 2,000
2,000 to 3,000 . . . .
If the house is but two stories high, use independent
pipes to .second story rooms, of the sizes indicated in the
foregoing tables for diminished pipe to third story rooms, with
registers of corresponding size.
In the halls of dwellings, an 8 inch pipe with a 10 inch
round or an 8 x 10 inch square register will, in most cases,
be found sufficient.
.Size of Pipe to Second j
Floor |
1 Size of Diminished Pipe
TO Third Floor
If Roimd
If Flat 1
1 If Round
If Flat
8 inches
9 “
10 “
4 X 12 in. j
4X 16 “ 1
4X 18 “ j
7 inches
i 7 “
8
4x9 in.
4x9“
4x12 “
jsize of Register— Second I'loorj
j Size of Register — Third Floor
1 8 X 10 inches
8x12“ i
1 “ !
6 X 10 inches
7 X 10 “
8 X 10 “
'T iSHffllGTilSOPMil
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16
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Relative Area of Pipes and Registers.
It should always be remembered that the valves and fret-
work of the registers commonly used, reduce their nominal
capacity about one-third. The following table of relative areas
will be found- convenient for reference : —
Hot
Air Pipe.
Round
Registers 1
Square Registers
Size
Effective Area
Size
Effective Area j
Size
Effective Area
7
in.
38 sq. in.
7
in.
26 sq. in.
6 X 10 in.
40 sq. in.
8
i (
50 “
8
“
33 “
7 X 10 “
46 “
9
i (
63 “
9
( (
42 “
8 X 10 “
53 “
10
i <
78 “
10
“
52 “
8x12 “
64 “
11
12
i i
i i
95 “
113
12
( (
75 “
9x12 “
9x 14 “
72 “
84 “
14
i i
153 “
14
( (
103
10 X 12 “
80 “
16
i i
201 “
16
( (
134 “
10x14 “
93 “
18
( (
254 “
18
169 “
12x15 “
120 “
20
i (
314 “
20
< (
209 “
14 X 18 “
165 “
22
t (
380 “
24
301 “
16x20 “
213 “
24
( i
452 “
30
ir
471 “
16x24 “
256 “
The following table, showing space occupied, opening
i required, and data from which measurements for tin register
boxes may be taken, applies to the Tuttle & Bailey Manu-
facturing Co.’s registers, sold by us, and may be found useful
in getting work ready before arrival of goods. Register boxes
should be a trifle larger than dimensions given, and from one
to three inches deeper, according to size, than the depth of
17
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^ II rillSH fWLTUSS!
I OIlLITt, MSyRPKSlfl, ^
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^ STOVCS. KVKX^
register when open. In setting wall registers in shallow flues, i
as in partitions, the register should be set in a stone border,
or else a convex register , should be used, so that the flange
and valves of the register may not enter into and partially
shut off the hot air flue. j
j
DIMENSIONS OP REGISTERS.
TUTTlyE) & BAII.KY MANUFACTURING CO.
Size
opening
to
Admit Body
of
Register
Register
Face
Outside
Measure
Depth of
Register
Opening
to
Admit
Iron
Border
Closed
Open
6 ill. Round
6 inches
7^ inches
1
in.
234 in.
9/ inches
7 “
( (
7
8/8 “
i/s “
3 , “
loX “
8 “
( <
8>i “
9/8 “
2 “
3/8 “
12/8 “
9 “
( <
9 “
2^ “
3/8 “
13/8 “
lO “
< (
10 “
“
2^ “
3/ “
14/ “
12 “
( (
12 “
13^ “
2^ “
“
16/ “
14 “
< (
14/8 “
15?^ “
3/ “
4/2 “
18X “ •
i6 “
( (
16/8 “
17/8 “
3/ “
4/ “
21X “
i8 “
( (
18
19% “
“
5 “
23/ “
20 “
( (
21/8 “
2t}i “
4 “
sH “
24^ “
?4 “
( (
24X “
26/ “
“
6/ “
32 ^ “
^o “
( (
30
32 “
4/ “
6/ “
37X “
6 X lo in. Sq.
6/ X 10 in.
•jji X 12 in.
ij4 “
2'X “
lo/ X 14X in.
7 X lo
( (
7 X 10 “
8 /xii/“
2 “
2 / “
11 XX 14 X “
8 X lo
( {
8 X 10 “
X 11 / “
2 “
3 “
13 XXI 5 “
8 X 12
((
8 X 12 “
9 /^ X 13 / “
2 “
3 “
12 XX 16 X “
9 X 12
(<
X 12^8 “
10 ^x 13 /“
2X “
3 / “
14 XX 17 “
9 x 14
( (
9 >^xi 4 “
II X 16 “
2% “
sH “
14 X I 9 i 4 “
10 X 12
( (
TO X 12 “
llji X 13/ “
2 ^ “
3 / “
15 X 17 “
10 X 14
( (
10 X 14 “
1234 X 1634 “
2Yi “
sH “
15 XXI 9 X “
12 X 15
< (
12 X 15 >^“
13 ^ X 16/8 “
2 / “
4 X “
16 XXI 9 X “
14 X 18
( <
I 4 >^ X 1834 “
1634 X 2034 “
2% “
3 “
20 XX 23 X “
16 X 20
( <
16 X 2034 “
1734 X 2234 “
3 “
4 / “
2 I‘ 4 x 25 X “
16 X 24
< {
1634 X 24/8 “
1 1834 X 27 “
3 “
| 4 /
2iJix3oX “
I8
Churches, Stores and Public Buildings.
Thksk structures present somewhat different conditions from
those that are encountered in dwelling houses. All that has
been said as to the underlying principles of warm air heating
of course holds good ; but their application is modified by
the circumstances of each case. Systematic and well planned
ventilating arrangements are much more frequently found in
these buildings than in ordinary dwellings. These serve to
facilitate the heating of a building; but they also call for
larger heating capacity in the furnaces selected. The mistakes
usually made in such cavSes, are the selection of furnaces that
are too small, and the endeavor to make one furnace do the
work of two.
In locating registers for church heating, the endeavor
should be to distribute the heat evenly throughout the building.
A register should always be placed near each oitrancc, in
prder that the effect of the influx of cold air, consequent upon
the frequent opening of the doors, may be counteracted. Other
registers should be placed wherever they are necessary to
carry the heat equally to all parts of the room.
The location of registers having first been determined,
the next thing to ascertain is whether these registers can be
reached by short runs of pipe, with a good elevation, from
a single furnace. If not, it may be regarded as settled that
more than one furnace will be required.
Try groups of three or four registers, and see whether a
point can be found that will give nearly equal, and moder-
ately short, runs of pipe to the registers of each group, and
19
/''■JTaflKTH.SWrl
' II fiiim nuiiuss;
I oiiiirr. mmmi I
STOVfs. Itvtcev /
i rtfs A&
locate furnaces accordingly. Having found the number of
furnaces necessar}^ it will be easy to determine upon their
proper size and capacity.
Never locate a register immediately over a furnace. It is
a source of discomfort, to those who sit near it, by reason of
the intense heat and strong draft arising from it ; while the heat
rises rapidly to the ceiling without dispersing its benefits to
those who are a little further removed from it. Two or three
registers of a smaller size, each located eight or ten feet
away from the furnace, will give far more pleasant and satis-
factory results.
In arranging the registers for a store, care should be taken
to place one 7iear the entrance. The location of the others
should depend upon the ordinary uses of certain parts of the
building. Where sorting, handling and packing of goods is
usual, less heat will be needed than in those parts of the
building in which persons are engaged in sedentary occupa-
tion. In stores in which skylight openings are cut through
lo the first floor, the first floor registers should be so placed
as to prevent the warm air from rising through the opening
until after its heat has been well diffused throughout the first
floor.
Cold Air Supply.
This should never be taken from the cellar if it is possible
to avoid doing so; but it should be brought from the outer
air, by means of a cold air duct, which may be constructed
of brick, galvanized iron or wood, as may be preferred. The
sectional area of this duct should be not less than three-fourths
2Q
i ute A&oQt ff
^iSITOSOPMORi^
' II flllSH. FMLTLKS; ^
[ II oTiLiry. oisuapBsto . }
STOVES. R\Ncei^''®
of the sectional area of all the hot air pipes leading from the
furnace. Thus if four 9 inch pipes are to be supplied with
warm air, their total area being 252 square inches, the cold
air duct should measure 10 x 19 inches inside, or its equivalent.
If one cold air opening in the base of the furnace is inade-
quate to receive this supply, the duct should be divided into
two parts, and one carried to an opening on each side of the
furnace base.
Whenever possible, take the cold air from either the north
or the west side of the building, as it is from the north-west
that the prevailing cold winds of winter come. Put a slide
in the cold air duct, arranged so that it can be closed one-half,
should an unusual wind -pressure render it necessary, but so
that it can never be entirely shut off. The outer opening of
the duct should be closed by a wire screen, to prevent the
entrance of animals. When a settling chamber and filtration
apparatus can be provided, all dust may be removed from the
air before its admission to the furnace ; but, except in the best
jobs of work, the expense of such an appliance occasions
objection. Very excellent work can be done if cost is a sec-
ondary consideration.
The best method of introducing the cold air to the furnace
is froyn beneath. This involves the use of a furnace with
closed base and sides, and an open bottom. Place the furnace
over a pit, lined with brick laid in cement, first building a
central pier up to the ash pit, to support the weight of the
V furnace. The cold air duct should be so connected with this
pit as to secure a perfectly uniform distribution of the cold
air around the furnace, in order that the diffusion of heat from
21
the radiating surfaces may be rapid and uniform. When it is
not desired to incur this expense, a furnace with closed bottom,
may be used, and the cold air introduced thereto by means of
suitable collars in the sides of the casing.
If it is impracticable to get a direct cold air supply, and
the air has therefore to be taken from the cellar, the cellar
must be kept perfectly clean, and as free from dust as possi-
ble ; and an inlet for fresh air must be provided by carrying
a pipe of the proper size from a window, or an opening in
the wall, to a point within twelve or fourteen inches of the
cellar floor. The cold air so introduced will flow in a direct
line to the furnace, without creating an unpleasant draft in the
cellar. Such an expedient, however, should not be resorted
to if there is any way of reaching the furnace by a regular
cold air duct.
If there are any turns or bends in the cold air duct, care
should be taken to avoid any diminution of its area at such
points. It must be of full size throughout. A furnace cannot
supply warm air unless it is first fed with the air that it is
expected to heat.
When a public hall or the audience room of a church
is to be heated by a hot air furnace, it is sometimes advan-
tageous to make a connection between the cold air duct of the
furnace and the room to be heated, arranging it so that this
connecting pipe may be entirely closed by a slide. Until the
room is occupied by the audience, the cold air may thus be
drawn from the room itself and returned to it warmed, the
heating process then going on rapidly. As soon as the
audience begins to assemble, the connecting pipe from the
22
room should be closed, and the outer cold air supply opened;
so that thereafter a supply of pure warm air will be furnished
to the room, already comfortably heated.
When it is desired to place a furnace in the basement of
a church or other building, and to heat the basement as well
as the upper part of the building thereby, the cold air supply
should be carried to the furnace beneath the basement floor.
To obtain good results, the furnace should be fitted with but
a single casing, which should be of Russia iron, in order that
the heat may be freely radiated into the baseme:it room. An
upper door or doors should be placed in the casing, and a
damper in each of the hot air pipes that lead to the room
above. The entire heat of the furnace may then, if desired,
be retained in the basement by closing the hot air dampers
and opening the upper door, or doors of the furnace.
Ventilation.
In order to remove the carbonic acid gas and organic impurities
produced by respiration, and to make good the constant with-
drawal of oxygen by the burning of lights at night, some
provision for a continual change of the air of inhabited rooms
is necessary. This ventilation it is the province of the architect
to arrange for ; and the furnace setter is rarely consulted. The
latter has in most cases to be content with such ventilation
as he finds to have been already provided when his own work
begins. Yet unless some way is at hand whereby the air
that is already in a room may flow out, it is manifest that
the hot air which the furnace is ready to supply cannot flow
Jfigfe A&o^t
into it. Sometimes the quickest way to heat a room is to
lower a window slightly, to give the cold air in a room a
chance to escape freely, and make room for the admission of
the warm air that would otherwise enter but slowly.
To discuss the subject of ventilation at length would
require a volume. Only a passing notice, rendered necessary
by the intimate connection of ventilation and heating, is
possible here.
The use of open fireplaces, as has before been said, so long
as fire is kept in them, furnishes to many dwellings a good
method of ventilation. When the fire is out, a down draft
often occurs in the chimney, which renders it useless as
means of removing vitiated air. In large buildings, such as
churches and halls, systematic provision is usually made for
ventilation ; but many dwellings are without suitable arrange-
ments of this sort. The most common method of ventilating
dwellings is that of employing outlet flues, which are kept warm
either by being built in immediate contact with the smoke
flues of the furnace and of the kitchen range, or by having the
smoke pipes carried up through the ventilating flues, using
for the purpose a pipe made either of cast or wrought iron,
or terra cotta. The warmth thus obtained creates an upward
current in the ventilating flues, and the vitiated air is drawn
out of the rooms and up the flues through registers suitably
located and opening into the ventilating flues, either directly
or through ventilating pipes.
Some persons argue that ventilating registers should be
placed near the floor of the room. They base this opinion
upon the fact that carbonic acid gas, when tmmixed^ is heavier
24
than common air at the same temperature ; and they therefore
contend that, as it is produced in a room by respiration, it
will fall to the floor, and that it can be removed only by
means of outlets at the floor. This notion fails to take into
account the law of transfusion of gases, which teaches us that
at the moment carbonic acid gas is exhaled from the lungs,
it at once intermingles with the air throughout the entire
room. It also overlooks the fact that, when it passes out of
the lungs, the human breath, loaded with organic impurities
as well as with carbonic acid gas, is at the bodily temperature
of 98 degrees, while the ordinary temperature of a properly
heated room is only about 70 degrees. The heated breath,
therefore, rises at once to a level that corresponds with its
temperature ; so that the foulest air in a room will ordinarily
be found at a higher level than the heads of its occupants.
If any one doubts this, let him simply stand upon a table
in a heated room of ordinary height, and find whether the air
that he will then inhale is purer and sweeter than the air he
was breathing when he stood upon the floor.
Observation leads to the belief that in ordinary dwellings
the most satisfactory results are attained when the ventilating
registers are placed near the ceiling. This plan, of course,
continually withdraws heat from the room, and demands an
ample supply of hot air, larger furnaces and more fuel. Like
almost every other good thing, good ventilation costs money.
When economy of fuel is an object, place the ventilating
registers near the floor. Architects often provide outlet reg-
isters near the floor and near the ceiling also, leaving the
occupants of the house free to open either at their pleasure.
25
JfiafeA&oat^feAfirjg.
We repeat that wherever means of artificial ventilation have
been provided, the furnace should be of ample capacity,
otherwise the rooms may be cold when the ventilating regis-
ters are open; and if they are not to be opened, they might as
well not exist at all.
Fortunately in ordinary dwellings, tenanted, as most of
our American homes are, by but a few persons, natural venti-
lation furnishes all the change of air that is indispensable to
health, if the rooms are heated by a good hot air furnace,
well supplied by cold air from without. The pure warm air
that enters the room from the furnace is constantly displachig
an eqiial amount of the air that was previously in the room.
If this were not so, the warm air could not enter the room
at all.
This displacement is made possible by the outlet that is
afforded by crevices in floors and around window frames, and
by loosely fitted doors and window sashes, and lastly, though
not least, by diffusion through the walls themselves. This
has been shown, by Pettenkofer’s experiments, to be not less
than seven cubic feet of air per hour for each square yard
of wall surface (brick wall, plastered, but not papered), when
the difference between the temperature within and without
is 40 degrees. In a room 12 x 15 x 10 feet, this diffusion
would amount to 2800 cubic feet per hour.
As has before been said, ordinary dwellings are large in
proportion to the number of persons who live in them; and
natural ventilation is often adequate to effect the necessary
change of air. In the light of what has been said, however,
the great importance of a plentiful supply of pure air to the
26
Aimace must clearly appear, and also the fact that it is short
sighted economy to stint the size of the furnace used. No
matter whether reliance is placed upon natural or artificial
ventilation, ample furnace power must be provided if a steady
and adequate change of air in the rooms is to be secured.
Supply of Moisture.
This is a matter of some importance. As air is heated, its
capacity for absorbing moisture proportionately increases. If
there be no arrangement made for supplying this moisture
directly to the air as it is heated, it will be drawn from the
wood work and furniture in the house, causing annoying and
damaging cracks and shrinkage. The health of the occupants
of the room also will suffer, as the needed moisture will be
taken up by the heated air from the bodily surfaces and the
mucous membranes, thereby rendering the persons susceptible
to cold, and occasioning many catarrhal troubles. In all
our furnaces provision is made for a water supply ; and the
pans provided for that purpose should always be kept filled
with water.
Production of Heat.
Having thus briefly referred to the problems that are properly
grouped under the distribution of heated air, the problems
involved in the generation of heat remain to be considered.
These consist of matters that relate to furnace conneciions,
furnace construction, and furnace ma^iagement. Under the
head of furnace connections, the smoke pipe and chimney
demand attention.
27
Smoke Pipe.
This is best made of heavy galvanized iron, well riveted,
each section entering the next by a lap of not less than one
and one-half inches. The size should be the same throughout
as that of the pipe collar of the furnace, and it should run as
directly as possible from furnace to chimney, with a steady
ascent all the way. Where turns in the pipe are unavoidable,
three-piece or four-piece elbows should be used. If the pipe is
long and the cellar cold, it will be well to wrap the pipe with
asbestos sheathing to prevent loss of heat, which results in
impaired draft.
It is well to rivet a flange or collar to the pipe some five
inches from the end that enters the chimney. This will pre-
vent the pipe from being pushed at any time too far into the
chimney, and will also serve to prevent the leakage of air
into the chimney around the pipe. The pipe hole in chimney
should be made to fit the pipe neatly. The pipe should be
securely wired to the chimney to prevent displacement, and
supported throughout its entire length by strong wiring to joists
at proper intervals. Screw hooks are better to wire to than
nails, and make a neater finish.
If the smoke pipe has to pass through any partitions,
double collars of metal should be used around it with a space
of three or four inches between them, this space being ven-
tilated by ample perforations. The pipe should be kept as
far as possible from any exposed wood work, and the wood
work protected by asbestos sheathing or bright tin, or both,
according to the relative position and nearness of the pipe.
28
^ I t^S oilX
Chimney.
Thb chimney with which a furnace is connected is a matter
of great importance. “Draft,” as it is called, is a function
of the chimrieyy not of the furnace. The upward movement
of air in the chimney is due to the difference in weight between
the warm air in the chimney and the cold air outside. The
more nearly equal the temperature within and without the
chimney shaft, the weaker the “draft;” and, vice versa, the
greater the difference of temperature the stronger the draft.
The longer the column of air in the chimney, the stronger
will be the draft; .so that, other things being equal, the taller
the chimney, the more powerful will be the movement of
heated air within it. Leakage of air into the shaft at any
point diminishes the upward pressure; and if the inside is
rough, the draft will be impeded by the friction of the chimney
walls.
Poor chimneys occasion much trouble ; and the difficulties
that are due to their imperfect construction are often the source
of complaints respecting the operation of furnaces. Chimneys
should always be built in the imier walls of houses, where
possible. If they must be built in exposed outer walls, let
the wall selected be a south or east wall, and not one on the
north or west side. The chimney should be of adequate size
for the work required of it, but not too large. For ordinary
purposes, a round flue of smooth terra cotta or tile, of 8 inches
inside diameter, is the best. A flue 8x8 or 8 x 12 inches
in the clear, smoothly pargetted with good mortar, however,
will be found to give good results, if of proper height.
29
i afs
Chimneys should, if possible, be topped out above the
highest point of the roof of the building, in order that the
wind, in passing over the roof, may not occasion downward
currents in the flues and impair or destroy the draft. A clean-
out door should always be located at the base of the chimney ;
and the bricklayer should always leave the chimney clear of
any mortar or other debris.
If hot air flues are built in chimney adjoining the smoke
flue, they should be well lined with tin, and the intervening
wall well built and carefully pargetted to prevent leakage of
gas into the hot air flues.
Before connecting a furnace with the chimney, the
chimney should be carefully examined, and cleared of all
accumulations of soot or other obstructions, any cracks in
chimney stopped, and all unused pipe holes tightly closed.
A Few Words About Gas.
It should always be remembered that it is upon the condi-
tion of smoke pipe and chimney that freedom from gas depends.
Combustion generates gases that will find their way out from
the furnace by the channel that offers the least resistance. If
the draft of the chimney is good and the smoke pipe unob-
structed, they will readily pass out into thef himne}". Under
such conditions, the air pressure upon the furnace is frojn
ivithouty inwaf'ds; and even if there should be any defects in
the joints of the furnace, (a thing which after long use may
possibly occur), air will be carried, through such a defective
joint, mto the furnace, instead of gas passing out through it.
30
i A^> pt't if
I lf, however, the outlet into th^chininey be so impeded,
or the draft of the chimney so defectiV^ that the gas finds
. less resistance in passing out through the joints of the furnace
than through the smoke pipe and chimne^, it will seek an
outlet through the joints into the hot air chamber; or, if the
furnace joints are absolutely gas tight, it will pass into the
cellar through the doors of the furnace. A good flue, ample
connections and a steady fire, afford the surest guarantee of
freedom from gaseous products.
Furnace Construction.
A wKi.h constructed furnace is one that combines simplicity
and ease of management with durability, freedom from gas
and dust, and large radiating surface in proportion to the
" area of the surface of the grate. These essentials having been
■ first secured, compactness of form and economy of first cost
are to be sought for. We know of no other Portable Fur-
' nace that so fully meets all these requirements as the
Paragon Furnace, and next to it, the Fideuity ; although
we also make other excellent goods of this sort, which maintain
a deserved popularity. This part of the subject will be fur-
ther considered in connection with the description of each
furnace.
Furnace flanagement.
SpECIeic directions for the successful use of particular fur-
naces will be given in their proper place. Some general
instructions, applicable to all alike, may be given in a few
words.
31
The coal used should be of good quality, and not too
large. The proper sizes of anthracite coal are a medium
stove size, for furnaces of moderate capacity, and large stove
size, or “egg” coal, for furnaces with 40 inch casing and
upwards. The so called “white ash” coals give more heat
than the “red ash,” but require a stronger draft for com-
plete combustion. Where the draft is good, the “white ash’’
coal is to be preferred.
The fire chamber must be kept clear, any accumulations
of ashes or clinker being removed as fast as they form.
Ashes and clinker have no heating power.
“No heat without fuel.” The fire chamber must be kept
full if the house is to be kept warm. A few inches depth
of coal upon the grate is insufficient.
A moderate but steady fire should be kept. Less clinker
will be produced, less wear upon the furnace occasioned,
and less coal consumed than by alternately letting the fire
bum violently, and then suddenly checking it. Irregular
firing burns out furnaces and wastes fuel.
After fresh coal is put on the fire, it should always be
allowed to burn up a little until the fresh coal is heated
through. This prevents the chilling of the fire and causes
the gas that arises from the fresh fuel to pass freely into
the chimney.
Ashes should be entirely removed from the ash pit at
least once in every twenty four hours. Ashes left under the
grate impair the draft of the furnace, and cause the grate to
bum out. It is cheaper to attend to this than to buy new
grates.
3 *
Jl 5 r|f s dH f
Carefully study the varying draft of the flue with which
the furnace is connected, and regulate the furnace in the
way which experience demonstrates is best suited to the
conditions under which it operates. These differ in almost
every case, and can be determined only by close observation.
If the house is to be comfortable in the morning, the
furnace must be so regulated in the evening as to keep the
temperature of the lower rooms from falling too low during
the night.
Intelligence, observation and patience are necessary to
manage properly any form of heating apparatus. The exer-
cise of these qualities sometimes fails in the case of servants,
to whom the management of furnaces is ordinarily entrusted.
In such instances some member of the family should supple-
ment the deficiencies of the person who has the care of
the furnace.
Importance of Proper Plans.
What has been said respecting the location of hot air flues
and registers, emphasizes the importance of planning suitable
arrangements for the house-heating before ihe house is erected.
It is not only unfair to the furnace setter, but a detriment
for all time to the occupants of the house, to build it with-
out carefully arranged and suitable provision for a proper
distribution of hot air throughout the dwelling. Many an
architect, sound as his professional judgment may be regarding
most matters, would find it of great advantage to submit his
plans for hot air work to a skilled and intelligent furnaceman
33
before their completion. He will then find that when the time
comes to set the furnace in place, it will not be necessary
either to put up with unsatisfactory results or to make expen-
sive and annoying alterations in the building.
In cases in which it is the intention to specify furnaces
of our manufacture in new buildings, we shall be glad, so
far as our engagements will permit, to confer with architects
or builders respecting these matters, and to make any sug-
gestion that may aid them in obtaining the best results.
False Economy.
A WORD of caution here to owners of property :
There are all sorts and sizes of furnaces, and all sorts
and kinds of furnace work. The poorest is cheap enough.
That which is really good cannot be had without paying for
it what it is worth. The man who flatters himself that he
is getting more than what he pays for is grievously mistaken.
If the work of setting a furnace is slighted, the furnace will
be overtaxed, and it will soon burn out. So also, if the fur-
nace be of poor quality, or if it be too small to do the work
required of it, it will not last long, and a new one will soon
have to be purchased. Meanwhile, the occupants of the
building will be more or levSS inconvenienced, and perhaps
injured in health. Such attempted saving is false economy.
To buy a furnace of good quality and of ample capacity, and
to have all the work connected with it properly arranged and
put up of good material, in a thoroughly workmanlike manner,
will be found the most satisfactory, as well as the cheapest
plan, in the end.
*^4
I rife
What We Need to Know.
When we are asked for intorniation or advice respecting fur-
nace work, or the selection of a furnace, the following infor-
mation should be given us:—
I. Is the building constructed of brick, stone or wood ?
II. Is it one of a block, or does it stand alone?
III. If alone, is it much exposed? Give particulars.
IV. Draw a plan, no matter how rough, of the cellar
and of each floor above. Mark dimensions of
each room. State height of ceilings of each
story ; and the height of cellar clear of joists.
Mark location and size of smoke flues and of
hot air flues ; also any open fireplaces, and any
closets or recesses through which hot air pipes
may be run if necessary. Mark also the loca-
tion preferred for each register.
V. Mark the points of the compass on the plan.
VI. If any girders in cellar, mark them on plan and
state their clear height above cellar floor.
Mark also any piers or other obstructions to
the run of hot air pipes in cellar.
VII. State whether there are any objections or diffi-
culties to interfere with digging a pit in cellar
to lower the furnace, if necessary to do so, in
order to give a better elevation to the hot air
pipes.
35
i nte
VIII. Mark on plan the cellar window or other opening
through which the cold air supply is to be
taken . Remember that this should be on north
or west side of building.
IX. If a church or other public building, mark on plan
the location of doors, windows, vestibules,
aisles, pulpit, etc., also ventilating flues, if any.
Also state whether there are any open spaces
under pews for circulation of air.
X. vState whether the building is still to be constructed,
or whether it has already been completed.
NoT:B. — I f the building has not yet been erected, the details of heating
plan should be settled without delay, in order that suitable provision for
a good job of w'ork may be made as the structure is built. Proper plans
insure the comfort of the occupants, as well as economy of fuel and
durability of heating apparatus.
I afe A&oot if
The Paragon §teel Plate Furnace, with Equalized Draft.
Patented, August sth, 1890.
The construction of this furnace
embodies the latest and most
desirable improvements that
modern ingenuity has suggested.
Since the patent upon this con-
struction, embracing five distinct
specifications, was granted to
us, the Paragon Furnace has
attracted an unusual amount of
attention and attained a conspic-
uous success.
Its characteristic features will
be seen by examining the engrav-
ings upon the pages that follow.
Upon a strong and roomy
ash pit is placed a heavy, corrugated fire pot, the joint being
arranged to pack with sand and cement, to make it perfectly
gas tight. The fire pot is surmounted by a heavy casting
known as the lower radiator, which is ca.st in one piece. This
is carefully proportioned in thickness, and strengthened through-
out by corrugation, to prevent cracking by fire. The joint
between the lower radiator and the fire pot is also a sand joint.
Three heavy steel plate drum -casings are accurately fitted
to flanges cast upon the upper surface of the lower radiator.
The upper edges of these drum-casings are securely adjusted
to the flanges of an upper radiator, which, like the lower
radiator, is cast in one piece.
37
The inner drum casing forms a central smoke chamber,
an outer smoke chamber being afforded by the* space between
the middle and the outer drum casing. These two smoke
chambers conunimicate freely with each other and with the
fire poty and are perfectly self-cleaning . The passage of the
draft through them is carefully regulated by self-cleaning
checks, so proportioned as to obtain a perfectly equalized
draft and a uniform distribution of heat over the entire radiat-
ing surface of the drums.
Between the central and the outer smoke chamber is an
annular hot air space, to which the air to be heated passes
freely through inclined passages formed in the lower radiator.
The feed door neck is cast in one piece with the lower
radiator, and also communicates with the outer smoke
chamber, whereby any possibility of flame being blown out
through the feed door is avoided.
The base section is made in two forms, octagonal and
round. Cold air may be introduced at the sides, back, or from
beneath the furnace, at pleasure. The cold air openings
in the base are provided with removable panels, which may
be either open or close, as ordered. The ash pit door is so
arranged that the draft may be regulated by either a ratchet
or a chain.
Points of Advantage.
The essential points of advantage that are possessed by the
Paragon over all other three drum furnaces, areas follows:
I. The inner and outer combustion chambers commu-
nicate with each other in such a way that all
the radiating surjaces of both combustion cham-
bers are equally heated.
3 «
i afe
II. Both combustion chambers are absolutely selj-clea 7 iing .
III. Both the upper and lower radiator castings are 7 nadc
hi one piece, vSO that there are 710 joints between
cast iron surfaces above the fire pot level.
We do not need to say to experienced furnace setters
that there is no other tlu'ee-drum fimiacc made that em-
braces the three points above named in its construction.
It has long- been conceded that a perfect three-drum furnace
must possess these requisites; but until the problem was
solved in the Paragon Furnace, manufacturers thought
that it was a practical impossibility to combine them. The
successful accomplishment of this feat has placed the Paragon
at the head of all furnaces of this class. Its most conspicuous
merits are enumerated in the pages that follow.
Great Radiating Power.
The Paragon Furnace possesses the largest radiating stir-
face, in proportion to grate surface, of any three-drum furnace
yet made. The equalized draft renders every square inch of
this surface equally effective. The result is three fold:— an
ample and constant supply of warm air ; an equal wear upon all
parts of the furnace; and perfect utilization of the heat of
the fuel. This means superior econoniy, efficiency and durability.
No Heat Lost in Cellar.
The Paragon Furnace is double cased throughout, the air
space between the casings serving as a non-conducting chamber,
preventing loss of heat and increasing the efficiency of the
furnace. What is desired is to heat the house, and not the
cellar. This the Paragon accomplishes.
39
Effective Ventilation Secured.
Th^: ample provision made in the structure of the Paragon
for the admission of air, and for its rapid distribution in large
volumes over the heating surfaces, ijisures adequate ventilation.
It brings about a constant influx of pure warm air into the
rooms to be heated, which continually displaces an equal
amount of vitiated air, and establishes the claim of the
Paragon to be regarded as an effective ventilating apparatus.
No Dry, Parched Air, but Pleasant Warmth.
A LARGE water pan is provided at the front of the furnace,
just where it can most easily be examined and most conven-
iently filled. Constant evaporation from the surface of the
water contained therein furnishes the needed moisture. The
water pan is protected from undue heat by interposing the
dust flue between it and the fire pot; while the liability of
the fire pot to burn out in front, where very little air comes
into contact with it, is diminished by placing the water pan
at that point.
Perfect Combustion.
The construction of the Paragon Furnace, although so
simple that it can be understood by a child, is nevertheless
unsurpassed in securing perfect combustion. The draft is
always direct, and perfectly equalized throughout. The fire
can be kindled in about half the time required by other three*
drum furnaces. The combustion will be found perfectly equal
throughout the whole mass of fuel. This results in compar-
ative freedom from clinker, and in thorough utilization of
40
I nfs A& 0<ii if •
^iSIBEKTilSlWl
' II PIIISH FIWLIUSSi 1
I II uTiLin. itiwtsspa ^
\ s^tPPA/?/>;5 ;
Stoves. Rvicesk /'
the fuel. A large amount of heat — a small residue of ashes
and clinker — these are the results attained by the Paragon
Furnace.
Ease of Management.
The draft is regulated by raising or lowering the drop shutter
in the ash pit door, and by closing or opening the draft check
at the back of the furnace. Both of these are held at any
desired point by means of a ratchet; or if preferred, they may
be connected with a chain, and thereby operated from the
room above. In the Round Base Paragon, which is supplied
with the draw centre grate, the whole surface of the grate
is exposed to view upon opening the sliding fire doors. By
means of the poker, clinker can be easily removed from any
part of the fire, and dropped through the centre of grate
into the ash pit. The grate is hung upon frictionless bearings,
and connected with a lever shaker. A person can operate
this without stooping; and its action is so easy that a child
can thoroughly shake the grate of the largest furnace. In
the Octagon Base Paragon, the purchaser has the choice
also of the famous “Triplex Grate,” which has many zealous
advocates, or of the “Saxon Grate,” which many think has
no superior.
Superior Cleanliness.
The ash pit of the Paragon is capacious, and the ash pit
door both wide and deep, affording every facility for the
easy removal of ashes. A dust flue, placed at the front
where it is needed, (not at the back of the ash pit where
41
it is liable soon to be choked up with refuse, and rendered
useless), protects the operator from annoyance. As has before
been said, the drums are self-cleaning throughout, and require
no attention.
Freedom from Gas.
Thk Paragon Furnace is in this respect faultless. Its ;
superiority in construction will be manifest to any one who
will examine competing furnaces. In the Paragon Furnace
the lower radiator, (sometimes called the “crab,”) is made
in one piece , — absolutely jointless.
In all other furnaces of this class, this ‘ ‘ crab ’ ’ is usually
made in three parts, never in less than two. These parts,
owing to their peculiar formation, expand and contract irregu-
larly, becoming warped and distorted, and opening the joints ‘
between them at the very points at which gas and smoke
are most liable to escape into the hot air chamber. No matter ^
how carefully made and tightly cemented these joints at first
may be, it is absolutely impossible to keep them tight in
actual use. In such constructions, leakage of gas is unavoid-
able. In the Paragon lower radiator, it is impossible .
The upper radiator of the Paragon is also made in
one piece. The steel drum casings that unite the two radiators
are accurately fitted to the flanges of the castings ; and, to '
insure perfect security, these flanges are sealed up with asbestos
cement.
Adaptability.
Either hard or soft coal or coke can be employed with
satisfaction in the Paragon Furnace. No furnace now on
the market can more successfully meet the varied requirements
of different sections.
42
i fife A^oCt
Superior Durability.
I Every part of the Paragon Furnace is skilfully propor-
tioned in thickness to the amount of strain that it is required
to endure. Not only is the Paragon heavier than other
furnaces, but the extra weight of metal is placed ivhere it will
do the most good. The steel drums are extra heavy, with
double riveted seams. The fire pot and the lower radiator
are corrugated throughout. This formation not only largely
increases the radiating surface, but also reduces to a minimum
the risk of cracking by fire.
In these, as in all other respects, a careful comparison
of the Paragon with all other furnaces is invited. The
Paragon is no hnitation of previous structures ; but in merit
as in originality, it leads them all.
i rife eaf /rjl-
PARAGON
STEEL PLATE FURNACES
OCTAGON BASE
WITH EQUALIZED DRAFT
Patented Au^^ust 5, 1890.
This style is made in three sizes, arranged with different
patterns of grates and fire pots, which are distinguished as
follows :
Style A. — With Straight Cylinder and “ Saxon ” Grate.
Style B. — With Straight Cylinder and Triplex Grate. I
Style C . — With Curved Cylinder and Frictionless Draw Centre Grate, i-
Styles A and C have Lever Shakers.
The various cylinders or fire pots used, are so formed as
to give the best results with the particular grates for which they
are designed.
While the grates of Sfj'/es A and D demand the use of a •
cylinder sonmvhat larger at the bottom than at the top, the
Draw Centre Grate, used in Style C, which is designed to dis-
charge clinker and refuse at the centre of the fire^ demands a
cylinder slightly contracted at the bottom ^ in order to support the
mass of fuel while the fire is being cleaned by the poker.
The use of a cylinder that is expanded outwards at the
bottom, with this form of grate, would occasion a risk of dump-
ing a quantity of good coal when cleaning the grate, thereby
causing a waste of fuel. Furnaces that employ a fire pot larger
at the bottom than at the top, hi connection with a Draw Centre
Grate, are open to serious objections upon this ground.
44
Paragon Steel Plate Fu
Patented Aug^ust 5, 1890.
Size 32. — Diameter Lower Casing, 32 inches.
Size 36. — Diameter Lower Casing, 36 inches.
Size 40. — Diameter Lower Casing, 40 inches.
45
i af s A&oat if
PARAGON
STEEL PLATE FURNACES
ROUND BASE
WITH EQUALIZED DRAFT
Patented Auj^ust 5, 1H90.
This style is made in six sizes, all arranged with Curved
Cylinder and Draw Centre Grate. All sizes are provided with
improved lever shakers. The grate is mounted upon frictionless
bearings, and moves so easily that it can be operated by a child.
When the clinker doors are opened, the entire lower portion of
the fire is exposed to view ; and the poker may be moved freely,
at pleasure, over the whole surface of the grate. This is
especially desirable if there is any tendency in the coal used to
form clinker, or if it is desired to employ soft coal as fuel.
The connecting bar, between the grate shank and the lever
shaker, also serves as a handle by which to pull out the centre
draw of the grate. This arrangement is exceedingly convenient,
and is found only in the furnaces of our manufacture.
The Round Base is extremely pleasing in appearance ; and,
while it is very strong and substantial, it is so compact in form
as to be less expensive to manufacture, and therefore somewhat
lower in price than the Octagon Base.
Paragon Steel Plate Furnaces.
47
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48
Measurements of Casings, etc., for Paragon Steel Plate
I rife A&oflt
' II rillSH, fiyillESS;
I II oTiLin. yisuBfisyo.
\ s^WAf?Z);y
^ STOVtS. R\NCfS,
(49)
Directions for Setting the Paragon Furnace
Y^ith Octagon Base.
If furnace is to stand over a pit, carry up a central pier ol
brick work under ash pit, to support weight of furnace. I)
it is to stand on cellar floor, place under it a course of brick,
carefully leveled and cemented on top, to prevent dust arising
from floor of cellar. Have the furnace base perfectly levek
Place fire pot on ash pit ring, so that notches in fire, pert
cover projections on ring. Fill in around bottom of fire poi
with asbestos, cement, a can of which accompanies eact
furnace. Put^dust damper in place, and put the lower dus'
pipe on the oval collar. Then lift the entire drum' sectior
up on fire pot. Secure the upper dust pipe with bolts h
oval collar under neck of furnace, and set the drum sectioi
in place, with the notches in lower radiator covering the lug:
on the fire pot, slipping the upper dust pipe over the lowe
one. Fill up joint between fire pot and upper radiator with
asbestos cement.
Then put on lower galvanized casing, and draw it u]
neatly to place, bolting it fast to front. Put on 'the lowe
inside casing and next fix the lower casing ring (with tw
flanges on top) in position. Next put on the upper insid
casing, taking care to see that the hole in casing aroun.
smoke collar is large enough to allow for Jree expansion
Then put the upper galvanized casing neatly into place, am
then the upper casing ring. Bolt on the draft check and als
the upper front. Have all joints properly cemented. Pn
on the dome top with outlets, and the furnace will be read;
to connect with the hot air pipes.
50
I afe A&oat
Directions for Setting the Paragon Furnace
With Round Base.
The furnace base having been carefully placed and leveled
up, as in the case of the Octagon Base Furnace, see that the
ash pit ring, on sizes No. 244 and No. 248, is in place,
with the lug in front. On sizes below No. 240, this ring
is bolted fast. Cement this ring thoroughly, and then set
fire pot in place. Fill in around bottom of fire pot with
asbestos cement or sand packing. Complete the setting as
directed for the Octagon Base Furnace.
51
Directions for Using Paragon Steel Plate Furnaces.
Under the heading Furnace Management,” on page 31,
will be found some general comments that will be of service
to any one who has charge of a hot air furnace. Some
specific directions, applicable to the “Paragon Furnace,”
may also be useful.
To Kindle the Fire.
Have the pipe and chimney unobstructed, the grate in its
proper position, and the ash pit free from ashes and refuse.
Cover the grate well with shavings and small chips. Have
a good supply of larger wood ready. Before lighting fire,
close check draft at back of furnace, and lift the shutter in
ash pit door as far as the ratchet will permit. As soon as
the shavings and chips are well kindled, put in the larger
wood, a few pieces at a time, until there is a good fire.
Put on not more than three or four shovelsful of coal at
first. When this is fully ignited, add as many more. After
this second supply has been thoroughly kindled, fill up the
fire pot, and close the shutter in ash pit door. The check
draft at the back must not be opened until all the gas from
the fresh coal has passed off. Then, if desired, the fire may
be checked enough to keep it burning moderately, although
steadily. The feed door should always be kept closed, except
when putting on fuel.
52
1
i afe A^> otit
—
To Clear the Fire.
Do not attempt to clear a low Let it first burn up
for fifteen or twenty minutes. If the furnace be the Round
Base Paragon, lift the connecting bar out of the lever shaker,
and pull out the centre draw of the grate. Pull out the
dust damper, and open the clinker doors. Then with a long
poker push all ashes and clinker gently through the central
opening of grate. If this is properly done, the whole mass
of fuel in the fire pot will remain undisturbed, until the
poker has passed over the entire surface of grate. Then push
in the centre draw and put the connecting bar into its place.
Agitate the lever shaker, and the whole contents of fire pot
will settle down, with a clear fire, on the grate. Then push
in the dust damper, which must never be out, except when
clearing the fire or removing ashes.
If the furnace be the Octagon Base, Styee C, the
lever shaker must first be thrown as far as possible to the
left, in order to admit the poker, and the centre draw pulled
out with the hooked handle that accompanies the furnace.
The grate of* the Octagon Base, Styee A, is cleared
principally by agitation with the lever shaker, and the fire
is dumped by inserting handle into grate shank and turning
it over to the left. Clinker may be removed through the
poke hole in front of cylinder.
To clear the fire of Styee B, with Tripeex Grate, or
to dump the contents of fire pot, it is only necessary to put
the handle perpendicularly on grate shank, and turn it quickly
to the right until the arrow on handle points perpendicularly
down. Remove the handle, and replace it, to repeat the
operation, which may be done as often as necessary.
FIDELITY
STEEL PLATE FURNACES
WITH CENTRAL DRAFT
Patented Augrust 5. 1890. Patented February 16, 189a.
Although the Paragon Furnace is the only Three
Drum Furnace that can rightfully claim to possess the best
possible construction, yet there is a large demand for a three
drum furnace of a cheaper form , which shall combine the
three requisites of efficiency, durability, and freedom from
gas and dust. In the F'idelity Furnace these require-
ments are satisfactorily met, at a moderate cost.
The ash pit is large and strong, amply supporting the
weight of the parts above it. The grate is the popular draw
centre grate, operated by a lever shaker. A convenient dust
flue is provided for the comfort of the operator when remov-
ing ashes. The cylinders are very heavy, and their strength,
as well as their radiating surface, is greatly increased by
corrugation. An ample sand joint between the two cylinders,
and one also between the upper cylinder and the bottom
drum plate, prevent leakage of gas.
The bottom drum plate has three flanges, and so has
also the top radiator, which is made in one pieoe, just as in
54
the Paragon Furnace. The three steel drum casings
fit tightly over these flanges, the joints being further secured
against leakage of gas by a strong furnace cement. The
inner and outer smoke chambers are connected by three
channels cast in the top radiator ; and above the level of
the smoke collar is interposed a self-cleaning ring check,
similar to that in the Paragon Furnace.
The course of the draft is central, rising through the
inner smoke chamber, passing thence through the channels
in top radiator to the outer smoke chamber, where its heat
is effectively distributed over the whole surface of the drum
casings by the action of the graduated ring check.
Every part of the drum casings is strongly heated ; and
the radiating surface is larger than in any other furnace of
same size outer casing known to us, except the Paragon.
The outer drum is cleaned by means of a revolving scraper,
upon which a patent has recently been granted. Easy access
to this scraper is obtained by simply opening the clean out
door shown in the cut. By drawing out the clean out slide,
just over feed door, an opening is made from the outer drum
into the neck of the furnace, through which all soot and
ashes drop as soon as the scraper is revolved.
The clean out door is provided with a register, which
makes an excellent check draft, enabling the operator per-
fectly to control the process of combustion.
The construction of the Fidelity Furnaces is such
as to admit of the cold air supply being taken directly from
the cellar, or from outside the house by means of a cold air
duct. The latter method is, of course, always to be preferred.
55
I fife A&oflt If
FIDELITY
STEEL PLATE FURNACES
WITH CENTRAL DRAFT
Patented August 5, 1890.
Patented February 16, 1892.
In style, finish and durability, we unhesitatingly affirm that
these goods have no superior at the same price, while in effi-
ciency they are surpassed only by the Paragon Furnaces.
The bottom of the Fidelity Furnace is open, per-
mitting the cold air supply to be taken from a pit beneath
the furnace if desired ; or the furnace may be placed upon
feet and front support, as shown in the cut, and the cold
air taken from the cellar. By removing the feet and front
support, placing the furnace directly upon the cellar floor,
and using a cold air collar on the back of the lower casing,
direct connection may be made with a cold air duct at the
back of the furnace.
The lever shaker and connecting bar, with the draw
centre grate, are arranged precisely as in the Round Base
Paragon. The clinker door is large and gives easy access
with the poker to every part of the grate surface. The grate
can easily be removed and replaced through the ash pit door
at any time, when necessary. The drums are made of heavy
steel plate, double riveted. The whole construction is such
as to secure a high degree of efficiency and durability at a
moderate price ; and where the large capacity and the special
features of the Paragon are not required, the F'idelity
Furnace may be selected with entire confidence in its
desirability.
Fidelity Steel Plate Fu
i ftfe A&oot ®4-f frj|.
' II FIIISH fimilESSi 1
I II uiiury, uisuRPiissEg. I
STOVtS.
Patented August 5, 1890, and February 16, 1892.
No. 24. — Diameter Casing, 24 inches.
No. 28. — Diameter Casing, 28 inches.
No. 32. — Diameter Casing, 32 inches.
57
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58
Note. — W hile under average conditions, if the furnaces are properly set and judiciously managed,
these estimates will be found to approximate closely to correctness, yet the exposures of buildings
vary so greatly that another table, designated as Table C, which will be found on page 62, has been
prepared, whereby the size of furnace that is best suited to any given case may be more accurately
determined.
' li nilSH, FIIIIILESS!
I VTILin, OlWlil. I
[ s^tPPARz>;5 .
Stoves.
rieasurements of Casings, etc., for Fidelity Steel Plate
Furnaces.
Measure.? of Circumferences are
neat, and do not include lap for !
seaming or riveting. The Swedging
of lyower Galvanized Casing should j
stop 2 inches from each end, to finish
against Furnace Front.
Lower
Galvanized
Casing
upper
Galvanized
Casing
Inside
Casing
' Gauge of Sheet Iron . .
27
27
27
No. 24
Height
16 ins.
24 ins.
24 ins.
. Circumference '
6 ft. 3 *4^ ins.
6 ft. 3X ins.
4 ft. 6 ins.
' Gauge of Sheet Iron . .
27
27
27
No. 28-
Height
i6>^ ins.
24 ins.
24 ins.
.Circumference
7 ft. 3^ ins.
7 ft. 3^ ins.
5 ft- 5 ins.
j' Gauge of Sheet Iron . .
27
27
27
No. 32 j
Height
17^ ins.
24 ins.
24 ins.
1 Circumference
8 ft. 4%. ins.
8 ft. 4}4. ins.
i 6 ft. lYz ins.
Height of Furnace
Includes Feet
Height of
Furnace
Unca.sed
Height of
Furnace
Finished
Fire Pot
Diameter
Depth of
Fire
j Size of
Smoke Pipe
No. 24 Fidelity
4 ft. 7 in.
5 ft- in.
In.
13^
In.
6
“ 28 “ !
1
4 ft. 7X in.
5 ft. yi in.
15K
: !
^
!
6
i
“ 32 “
4 ft. 10 in.
5 ft. 2>i ins.
17^
1
59
Directions for Setting Fidelity Steel Plate Furnaces.
If the cold air is to be taken from a pit beneath the furnace,
let a central pier be carried up under ash pit to support the
weight of furnace. Otherwise, have a good brick or cement
floor under furnace, and see that the furnace stands firmly
on the feet ; or, if not using feet, let the base rim rest
solidly upon the floor, the furnace base in all instances to
be perfectly level.
Place fire pot in position, carefully cementing it around
the bottom with asbestos cement, or making a good sand
joint. Put in the dust damper, and place the lower dust
pipe on oval collar, and bolt fast to ash pit top. Bolt the
upper dust pipe to collar on neck of upper cylinder, and
slip it over the lower pipe, bringing the upper cylinder to
its proper position upon the fire pot, and carefully cement-
ing the joint between them.
Carefully place in position the lower galvanized casing
and put on the lower casing ring. Then put the inside
casing into its place. Cement the grooves on the top of the
upper cylinder and neck, and then lift the drum section to
its place and bolt it down. Then put on the upper galvan-
ized casing and the top casing ring. Bolt the feed door
frame in position, and then the check door frame, cementing
all crevices. Bolt on the smoke collar, and put on the
dome top with hot air outlets. The furnace will then be
ready to connect with the hot air pipes. It is well to cover
the dome top to a level with fine sand to diminish the
radiation of heat from the top of furnace.
6o
Directions for Using Fidelity Steel Plate Furnaces.
To Kindle the Fire.
The check draft of the Fidelity Furnace is at the front,
over the feed door, and not at the back as in the Paragon.
Before lighting fire close this check draft, and also the feed
door, and open the ash pit door. In other particulars,
proceed as directed in the case of the Paragon Furnace,
on page 52. A direct draft may be obtained, if desired, by
drawing out the sliding damper over feed door.
To Clear the Fire.
The directions given in the case oT the Round Base Para-
gon, on page 53, apply without change to the Fidelity
Furnace.
To Clean the Outer Drum.
The inner drum is self cleaning. To clean the outer drum,
close feed door and pull out the sliding damper above it.
Open the clean out door, and insert the hand through it.
Take hold of the revolving scraper and pull it around three
or four times, and all soot and ashes in the drum will fall
into the furnace neck, and thence through dust flue into the
ash pit.
To Check the Fire.
Close register wheels in ash pit door and open the check
draft register in clean out door. If this does not moderate
the fire sufficiently, the clean out door itself may be placed
ajar as much as may be necessary to effect the desired
result.
61
i rife A6ottt
Index of Heating Capacities. Table C.
For Instructions, See Page 63.
FIDELITY
PARAGON STEEL PLATE FURNACES
furnacf:s
Octagon Base
Round
Base
No. 24
No. 28
No. 32
No. 32
- - 1
eo
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No. 40
1 No. 228
No. 233
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d
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0
CM
d
z
CM
d
z
00
rf
CM
d
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16
22
28
35
1
44
52
32
39
40
53
63
74
10
23
29
1
36 1
1 1
46
63
33
40
47
54
64
75
17
24
30
! 37 i
40
54 1
34
41
48
55
65
70
18
25
31
1 !
38
47
55 !
35
42 '
49
56
66
77
19
|26
32
39
1
48
56
30
43 ^
1
50
57
67
78
20
1
27
33
40 !
49
57
CO
44
51
58
68
79
21
i
28
34
41
1 50
i
58
i
38
45
52
59
09
80
22
29
35
42
51
59 '
j I
39
46
53
60
70
81
23
36
43
52
60
40
47
54
61
71
82
24
i ‘ ‘
37
44
53
1
' 61
41
48
55
1
62
72
83
1
1
45
54
62
42
49
50
03
73
00
46
55
63
64
74
86
47
66
64
65
75
80
65
70
87
!
i
77
88
62
Instructions for Use of “Table C.”
To find size of furnace or furnaces best adapted to any building, ascer-
tain the contents of building in cubic feet, the number of square feet of
exposed wall surface, and the number of square feet of glass in windows.
Then calculate by the following rule :
RuivE — I. Multiply the cubic feet of contents by ^lio, the square
feet of exposed wall by 4, and the square feet of glass by 40, and add
together the several products.
2. Divide the sum by 600, if the space in building is divided into
rooms as in a residence ; or by 800 if the space is undivided, as in a
church or store.
3. Look in Table C for the quotient thus arrived at. The furnace
indicated in the column in which such number is found, is the furnace
to be recommended for the building in question.
Note. — If the quotient number be found in more than one column^ it
indicates that either furnace indicated wdll do the work. The larger of
the two is, however, to be preferred, as being the more durable.
Note. — If the quotient number be higher than the highest number in
Table C, two or mo 7 ^e furnaces will be required, of such sizes as are indi-
cated by the highest component numbers of the quotient number that appear
in the Table.
Examples — i. A residence has 9,500 cubic feet of space, 620 square
feet exposed wall and 180 square feet glass. Find suitable furnace.
9.500 X ®/io = 7.600
620 X 4 - 2,480
180 X 40 =7,200
Quotient
17,280 -4 600 = 28 -f
In Table C, the quotient number 28 is found both in column headed
“No. 28” and also in that headed “No. 32 Fidelity Furnace.” This
indicates that while “ No. 28 ” will do the work, “ No. 32 ” is preferable.
63
i rtf s A& o^^t If®
Instructions for Use of “Table C,” Continued.
2. A residence has 31,200 cubic feet of space, 1,425 square feet
exposed wall, and 340 square feet glass. Fitid suitable furnace or furnaces.
31,200 X ^/«o — 24,960
1,425 S< 4 ^ 5,700
340 X 40 -- 13^600
Quotient
44,260 600 “= 73 i-
The quotient number appears in column headed “ No. 244 Paragon
Furnace.” The component numbers 33 and 40, the sum of which equals
73, appear in columns headed respectively “No. 228” and “No. 233
Paragon Furnace.” Therefore you may use either one “No. 244,”
or, if two furnaces can be more conveniently used, one “No. 228” and
also one “ No. 233 Paragon” instead.
3. A church has 143,000 cubic feet space, 5,600 square feet exposed
w^all, and 1,150 square feet glass. Find suitable furnaces.
143,000X8/10—114,400
5,600 X 4= 22,400 ‘
1,150 X 40= 46,000
Quotient
182,800 : 800 228 -|-
The quotient is higher than appears in Table. The component num-
ber 57 appears in column headed “ No. 240 Paragon,” (57 X 4 228).
So that four “ No. 240 Paragons” will do the work. The component
number 76 appears in columns headed “No. 244 and No. 248 Para-
gon” (76 X 3 ^ 228). Hence three “ No. 244,” or, preferably, three
“ No. 248 Paragons ” may be employed.
Model of Paragon Furnace.
A nickel plated model, 8 inches in diameter of base, and complete in
all its parts, will be sent to any architect or builder, .on receipt of $2.50,
and the expressage will be prepaid to any place, in the New. Bngland,
Middle or Southern Atlantic States. Should its examination xesult in
the purchase of a furnace, the amount paid for the model will be credited
on the bill ; or it will be refunded to any one who shall return the model
in good order, with express charges paid.
64
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